origin and evolution of earth crust upsc notes

It is brittle in nature. They are found between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. | This theory explains what exactly happened at the very beginning of time to our universe. Edwin Hubble, in 1920, provided evidence that the universe is expanding. One of the most easily recognisable constellation is the small bear or Saptarishi (Sapta- seven, rishi-sages). At a later date, the arguments considered of a companion to the sun to have been coexisting. Later in 1900, Chamberlain and Moulton considered that a wandering star approached the sun. All paralled circles from the -equator up to the poles are called parallels of latitudes. The early atmosphere, with hydrogen and helium, is supposed to have been stripped off as a result of the solar winds. These notes will also be useful for other competitive exams like banking PO, SSC, state civil services exams and so on. Within 3,00,000 years from the Big Bang, temperature dropped to 4,500 K (Kelvin) and gave rise to atomic matter. It is through me process of differentiation that the earth forming material got separate into different layers. A body of the size of one to three times that of mars collided into the earth sometime shortly after the earth was formed. The equator represents the zero degree latitude. Two points on the globe through which the needle passes are two poles - North Pole and South Pole. The friction and collision of particles led to formation of a disk-shaped cloud and the planets were formed through the process of accretion. It can be assumed mat life began to evolve sometime 3.800 million years ago. Venus is considered as 'Earth's-twin' because its size and shape are very much similar to that of the earth. The best app for CBSE students now provides The Origin and Evolution of the Earth class 11 Notes Geography latest chapter wise notes for quick preparation of CBSE exams and school-based annual examinations. Study Packages STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH. Hence, all countries decided that the count should begin from the meridian which passed through Greenwich, where the British Royal Observatory is located. However, the present scientists do not accept either of the explanations. W ith cooling of the earth the crust hardened and formed the land. It is brittle in nature. Finally, the composition of the atmosphere was modified by the living world through the process of photosynthesis. Origin and evolution of the earth's crust, Origin and evolution of the earth's crust geography, Origin and evolution of the earth's crust only ias exam, Nebular hypothesis, Big bang theory,Binary theory,Our solar system,Inner planets or terrestrial planet,Outer planets or Jovian or gas giant planet,Evolution of atmosphere and hydrosphere,What is universe, How black hole formed?,Highest number of moon in … The solar wind was most intense nearer the sun; so, it blew off lots of gas and dust from the terrestrial planets. Light travels at a speed of 300,000 km/second. In the final stage, these large number of small planetesimals accrete to form a fewer large bodies in the form of planets. | | Dec 25, 2020 - Revision Notes - The Origin and Evolution of the Earth, Class 11, Geography | EduRev Notes is made by best teachers of Teaching. It is known as Nebular Hypothesis. The study covers looking at landscapes to work out how the earth surface processes, such as air, water and ice, can mould the landscape. One of the earlier and popular arguments was by German philosopher Immanuel Kant. All the planets were formed in the same period sometime about 4.6 billion years ago. This happened not only in case of the earth, but also in all the terrestrial planets, which were supposed to have lost their primordial atmosphere through the impact of solar winds. This equals to 9.4611012 km. The Crust. Thus, it was difficult to number the meridians. Purchase Courses However, with greater evidence becoming available about the expanding universe, scientific community at present favours argument of expanding universe. Light travels at a speed of 3,00,000 km/second. In 1920, Edwin Hubble, the man after whom the famous Hubble space telescope is named, he provided evidence that the universe is expanding and as time passes, galaxies move further and further apart. Your email address will not be published. The gravitational force within the lumps leads to the formation of a core to the gas cloud and a huge rotating disc of gas and dust develops around the gas core. The sun is the ultimate source of heat and light for the solar system. A Human-made Satellite is an artificial body. | In India, the longitude ofis treated as the standard meridian. Test Series Each zone thus covers 15° of longitude. The word astheno means weak. It takes only about 88 days to complete one round along its orbit. Upsc civil services mains 2017 general origin and evolution of life on earth chandrayaan 2 mission legacy ias academy jee main advanced cbse neet iit optionals ias mains geography origin Origin And Evolution Of Life On Earth Pmf IasNcert Notes Earth Origin And Evolution Geography For UpscOrigin And Evolution Of Life On Earth Pmf IasOrigin… Read More » Category : UPSC Early Theories of the Origin of the Earth . In order to locate a place, we must find out how far east or west places are from a given line of reference running from the North Pole to the South Pole. | All parallels north of the equator are called 'north latitudes.' Current Affairs | These are belts of small debris These nngs may be seen from the earth with the help of powerful telescopes. However, around 2,500-3,000 million years before the present, the process of photosynthesis got evolved. It was also suggested that the material forming the moon was separated from what we have at present the depression occupied by the Pacific Ocean. This meridian is called the Prime Meridian. These arguments are called binary theories. These two types have different chemical compositions and physical properties and were formed by different geological processes. It is slightly flattened at the poles. In the next stage, the gas cloud starts getting condensed and the matter around the core develops into small-rounded objects. With passage of time it cooled further and solidified and condensed into a smaller size. The early terrestrial crust appeared approximately 4.5 billion years ago, after the late stages of planetary accretion. There are eight planets in our solar system. It is, therefore, called a blue planet. The history of Earth concerns the development of planet Earth from its formation to the present day. FAQ The present composition of the earth’s atmosphere is chiefly contributed by nitrogen and oxygen. Ursa Major or Big Bear is one such constellation. These are, therefore, called Frigid Zones (very cold). These are optional notes but very relevant for GS-1 Geography as well. This is far from the present day picture of the earth. Refund Policy, You need to login to perform this action.You will be redirected in Apart from the stars, planets and satellites, there are numerous tiny bodies which also move around the sun. | The last phase in the evolution of the earth relates to the origin and evolution of life. We often call it a solar family, with the sun as its Head. It is because here the sun does not rise much above the horizon. It is carried by a rocket and placed in the orbit around the earth. Lithosphere, Atmosphere, and Hydrosphere of the Earth. Tropic of Capricorn \[(23{{{}^{1}/{}_{2}}^{o}}S)\] in the Southern Hemisphere. | Methane, carbondioxide and ammonia released from molten mass covered the surface. | The earth’s radius is 6,370 km. Within first three minutes from the Big Bang event, the first atom began to form. Some countries have a great longitudinal extent and so they have adopted more than one standard time. This article talks about the Geography as an assimilating discipline as a science of spatial characteristics and Divisions of geography and significance of physical geography. The inner planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. The most popular argument regarding the origin of the universe is the Big Bang Theory. In ancient times, people used to determine directions during the night with the help stars. From the crust to the core, the density of the material increases. The terrestrial planets are smaller and their lower gravity could not hold the escaping gases. As a result the material inside started getting separated depending on their densities. Cooling of the earth also condensed water vapour into liquid water filling the depressions to form seas. Due to gradual increase in density the temperature inside has increased. Eventually, growing nebula develops localised clumps of gas. The real earth ha no such needle. The age of Earth is approximately one-third of the age of the universe. The upper portion of the mantle is called the asthenosphere. These paths are elongated. The distribution of matter and energy was not even in the early universe. Till recently (August, 2006), Pluto was also considered a planet. These lines of references are called the meridians of longitude, and the distance between them are measured in 'degrees of longitude.' The study of landforms, their processes, form, and sediments at the surface of the Earth (and sometimes on other planets) is known as Geomorphology. Dec 25, 2020 - Revision Notes - Interior of the Earth, Class 11, Geography | EduRev Notes is made by best teachers of Teaching. Its depth varies from 16 km – 40 km. The diameters of individual galaxies range from 80,000-1,50,000 light years. When the stresses get too large, it leads to cracks called … It is a group of seven stars. An alternative to this was Hoyle's concept of steady state. In 1950, Otto Schmidt in Russia and Carl Weizascar in Germany somewhat revised the 'nebular hypothesis', though differing in details. It provides the pulling force that binds the solar system. Continental Drift; Convection current and seafloor Spreading; … Larger bodies start forming by collision, and gravitational attraction causes the material to stick together. Notes In 1838, Sir George Darwin suggested that initially, the earth and the moon formed a single rapidly rotating body. Similarly, the distance between the galaxies is also found to be increasing and thereby, the universe is considered to be expanding. It is referred as the modern theory when it comes to the origin of earth. It considered the universe to be roughly the same at any point of time. The expansion continues even to the present day. As the passing star moved away, the material separated from the solar surface continued to revolve around the sun and it slowly condensed into planets. It is also called expanding universe hypothesis. In the second stage, the hot interior of the earth contributed to the evolution of the atmosphere. The sun, eight planets, satellites and some other celestial bodies known as asteroids and meteoroids form the solar system. This led to a huge expansion. They are semi-circles and the distance between them decreases steadily polewards untill it becomes zero at the poles, where all the meridians meet. Most of them are much larger than the terrestrial planets and have thick atmosphere, mostly of helium and hydrogen. The areas bounded by the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle in the Northern Hemisphere, and the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle in the Southern Hemisphere, have moderate temperatures. Sometime around 3,800 million years ago, life began to evolve. Evolution of the Earth. The small pieces of rocks which move around the sun are called meteoroids Q A galaxy is a huge system of billions of stars, and clouds of dust and gases. The lithosphere is the rigid outer part of the earth with thickness varying between 10 … We can locate the position of the Po Star with the help of the Saptarishi. The rainwater falling onto the surface got collected in the depressions to give rise to oceans. Jobs NCERT notes on important topics for the IAS aspirants. NCERT Extracts - The Origin and Evolution of the Earth . Privacy Policy These initial density differences gave rise to differences in gravitational forces and it caused the matter to get drawn together. Starting from the surface to the central parts, we have layers like the crust, mantle, outer core and inner core. 2.1 Theories about the formation of the crust The Big Bang Theory considers the following stages in the development of the universe. The Origin and the Evolution of the Earth (UPSC Notes):- Download PDF Here, Your email address will not be published. These formed the bases for development of galaxies. Out of the eight planets, mercury, venus, earth and mars are called as the inner planets as they lie between the sun and the belt of asteroids the other four planets are called the outer planets. There are three stages in the evolution of the present atmosphere. A volcano is an opening in the earth’s crust through which gases, molten rocks materials (lava), ash, steam etc. About This line is known as the equator. 'Solar' means -related to the sun'. It always remains in the same position in the sky. A light year is a measure of distance and not of time. This tells us that the oceans are as old as 4,000 million years. Franchise Life was confined to the oceans for a long time. From the outermost end of the atmosphere to the centre of the earth, the material that exists is not uniform. Its diametre is only one-quarter that of the earth. Antarctic Circle at 66'/2° south of the equator. During the cooling of the earth, gases and water vapour were released from the interior solid earth. Geomorphology UPSC Notes, Geomorphology UPSC syllabus, Geomorphology questions for IAS. Thereafter, the expansion has slowed down. The nebula from which our Solar system is supposed to have been formed, started its collapse and core formation some time 5-5.6 billion years ago and the planets were formed about 4.6 billion years ago. Based on all the evidences from Seismic data and their analysis, the earth’s interior has been divided into three layers. In the beginning, all matter forming the universe existed in one place m the form of a “tiny ball” (singular atom) with an unimaginably small volume, infinite temperature and infinite density. These are, therefore, called Temperate Zones. Origin of Earth and Evoluation of the Environment Fig. Arctic Circle of \[66{{{}^{1}/{}_{2}}^{o}}\] north of the equator. In this course, she teaches about various … It is the collective mass of water found on, under, and above the surface of the earth. These notes will also be useful for other competitive exams like banking PO, SSC, state civil services exams and so on. Reaching the centre of the earth and make observations or collect samples of the materials is almost impossible. What should you understand about the interior of the earth? 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Also be useful for other competitive exams like banking PO, SSC, state services... Eastward as well as 180° westward out of a second after the Bang about 2,900 kilometers thick and up. Have taken place some 5-6 billion years ago by accretion from the surface collected... Difficult to number the meridians of longitude, and 2,000 million years by. Of one to three times that of just the earth into two equal.... 'Earth'S-Twin ' because its size and shape are very cold ) at continents ( 30 - 40 km ) its! Yet, a part of the equator are called parallels of latitude, all meridians are on crust! Shortly after the Bang parallels of latitudes. ' into seconds such vents or openings in. These small-rounded objects by the living world through the process of differentiation that the event of Big,! 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